Bovine

The use of large animal models in preclinical studies has provided invaluable data for evaluating the safety and efficacy of new therapies and devices and has facilitated the development and clinical application of cardiovascular innovations. With an increasingly valuable role, the implementation of large animal models has expanded, serving to bridge the translation of physiologic and economic aspects of animal research to the successful treatment of human heart failure. In this study, we report normal hemodynamic values, including aortic and pulmonary blood flow, in a bovine model at rest and during exercise after a control procedure.